Abstract:

One of the major challenges in Iran’s arid and desert regions is the control of moving sand dunes. The use of petroleum mulch, either alone or in combination with other biological or mechanical methods, can be effective in reducing wind erosion and stabilizing mobile sands. Petroleum mulch refers to by-products of heavy petroleum derivatives that are applied to the soil surface to prevent erosion and fix shifting sands. Although the process of mulching is complex and costly, its results in sand stabilization have been satisfactory. Despite the widespread use of petroleum mulch and its observed impact on vegetation, comprehensive environmental studies on its effects are still lacking. This paper aims to explore not only the application of petroleum mulch in wind erosion control and sand stabilization but also to evaluate its environmental impacts.

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Keywords:

Environmental impacts, shifting sands, petroleum mulch, wind erosion, sand stabilization

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1. Introduction

Wind erosion and the movement of sand dunes are critical environmental issues that not only degrade agricultural lands but also negatively affect air and water quality. Therefore, applying effective methods to manage this phenomenon is essential.

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2. Petroleum Mulch

Petroleum mulch, as a protective material, can form a barrier over the soil surface, preventing degradation and erosion. This paper examines the mechanisms through which petroleum mulch functions to stabilize the soil and reduce wind erosion.

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3. Environmental Impacts

Alongside its practical benefits, the environmental consequences of petroleum mulch must be considered. Potential pollution, effects on local ecosystems, and the impact on groundwater quality are among the concerns reviewed in this paper.

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4. Conclusion

Petroleum mulch proves to be an effective solution for controlling wind erosion and stabilizing sand dunes. However, its environmental aspects must be carefully assessed to prevent potential negative impacts. This paper seeks to offer strategies for optimizing its use in alignment with environmental conservation.

1. Introduction
• Research Necessity:
Given the increasing desertification and persistent droughts, it is crucial to study various methods to enhance plant growth and germination under harsh climatic conditions.
• Petroleum Mulch:
Introduction of petroleum mulch as an effective solution for reducing evaporation, retaining soil moisture, and creating suitable conditions for seed germination.

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2. Materials and Methods
• Study Locations:
• Boeing, Kerman Province: A dry desert region.
• Piyoushak, Hormozgan Province: A similar area with potentially different biodiversity.
• Planted Species:
Introduction of the plant species selected for the study (e.g., native shrubs and desert-adapted vegetation).
• Experimental Methods:
Description of petroleum mulch application methods, including:
• Application technique (thickness, distribution method).
• Timing (before rainfall, after planting).

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3. Results
• Effect on Germination:
• Comparison of plant germination rates in different treatments (with and without mulch).
• Analysis of factors such as soil moisture and temperature in relation to germination.
• Data & Graphs:
Graphical representation of results such as changes in germination percentage and soil moisture over time.

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4. Discussion
• Positive Effects of Petroleum Mulch:
Improved germination, enhanced soil moisture retention, and comparison with previous research findings.
• Limitations & Challenges:
Potential environmental concerns or negative impacts of petroleum mulch on the ecosystem.

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5. Conclusion and Recommendations
• Summary of Results:
Emphasis on the effectiveness of petroleum mulch as a valuable tool for improving germination in desert areas.
• Suggestions for Future Research:
Further exploration of temperature effects, different mulch types, and a variety of plant species.

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Environmental Impacts

Long-term effects of petroleum mulch use on soil and other vegetation must be considered. More case studies are recommended to fully understand potential negative consequences.

This report, part of the 1973 FAO/UNDP Seminar, explores the distribution, properties, and stabilization efforts of sandy soils and sand dunes in Iran. It covers soil classifications, protective measures, and R&D projects such as petroleum mulching, mechanical windbreaks, and plantation of resilient species. Since 1959, Iran has made significant efforts to combat desertification and stabilize moving sand dunes in regions like Ahvaz, Sabzevar, and Qazvin.
Furthermore, in an official FAO report to the Government of Iran in 1971, the use of petroleum mulch was recommended, provided that the mulch layer can retain moisture and remain stable until full seed germination and seedling establishment.

This paper provides a comprehensive review of mulches used to control wind erosion. The study indicates that crop residues, chemical soil stabilizers, and livestock manure can effectively prevent wind erosion. To be effective, mulches must withstand wind speeds of 38 m/s. Vegetative mulches like wheat straw and prairie hay, when properly anchored to the soil surface, can significantly reduce erosion. Chemical stabilizers such as asphalt and latex emulsions are also effective when applied at sufficient volumes (minimum 3,785 L/ha). Additionally, feedlot manure proves to be a cost-effective mulch for erosion control. However, the high costs of some materials, particularly petroleum-based products, limit their widespread use.

This study evaluated the effects of Iranian petroleum mulches (anionic, cationic, and clay emulsions) and the soil conditioner "Krilium Merloam" on evaporation reduction from calcareous soil under greenhouse conditions. Both surface and incorporation applications significantly decreased water evaporation, with the highest reduction (8.8%) observed at 10,000 L/ha (surface) and 0.25% (incorporation). Petroleum mulches formed a semi-impermeable vapor barrier and enhanced soil aggregation, restricting upward water flow. The findings suggest that Iranian petroleum mulches are effective alternatives for soil moisture conservation in arid regions.