This study investigates the long-term effects (5, 20, and 40 years) of petroleum mulching and biological fixation (PM-BF) on the chemical, physical, and mineralogical characteristics of stabilized sand dunes in Khuzestan Province, Iran. The results revealed that PM-BF significantly improved vegetation cover and enhanced soil properties such as organic matter, cation exchange capacity, clay content, and electrical conductivity. However, petroleum mulch introduced heavy metals (Ni, Cd, Pb), which peaked in younger PM-BF regions but gradually decreased over time due to leaching. Dust fallout also contributed to the formation of specific clay minerals such as palygorskite and smectite. Although PM-BF supports ecosystem recovery and reduces dust-related impacts, the potential accumulation of toxic metals raises concerns for agricultural and environmental uses.